JUSTICE IN AMERICA - Juvenile Offenders

"Should a juvenile sex offender be locked up indefinitely?" PBS NewsHour 6/28/2016

Excerpt

SUMMARY:  Even when they serve their time, sex crime offenders in some states are being held years beyond their release date.  The civil commitment laws that let jailers deem convicts too dangerous to walk free are facing increased scrutiny, especially in Minnesota, where even juvenile sex offenders grow old behind bars.  William Brangham reports.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM (NewsHour):  This facility in the rural town of Moose Lake is where Minnesota puts the sex offenders it says are too dangerous to live on the outside.

Twenty-nine-year-old Craig Bolte is one of them.  He’s been locked up for nearly half his life.  It started when he was 15, when he pled guilty to sexually assaulting a younger member of his family, and also admitted to sexual contact with another minor.  He says these were very troubling years for him.

CRAIG BOLTE, Juvenile Sex Offender:  I was sexually abused on numerous occasions as a child when I was a young child, and that is by no means an excuse.  I’m responsible for my actions.  I still hurt people.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM:  Bolte was originally sentenced to three years, but he’s now been behind bars here in Minnesota for 14, locked up with hundreds of rapists, child abusers, and other sex offenders.

They’re all being kept by what’s known as 'civil commitment law,' which allows a state to deem someone an ongoing threat and even after their sentences are served keep them locked up indefinitely.

CRAIG BOLTE:  I have been in for about 10 years now.  All in all, I have been locked up for 14 years, 10 years of it here.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM:  The “PBS NewsHour” was granted rare access to Minnesota’s sex offender program.  We could film interviews inside this one room, but, almost everywhere else, we could only take still photos.  Most everyone agrees that there are people locked up in Minnesota’s program who are very likely to reoffend.  These are people who say they simply cannot control their behavior.

And that concern is why legislatures in 20 states have set up programs like this to hold these people.  But others say these programs also end up snaring juvenile offenders who they argue have no business being held for years past their sentences.

ERIC JANUS, Mitchell Hamline School of Law:  It’s outrageous.  That’s one of the more outrageous features of this program.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM:  Eric Janus is a law professor and longtime critic of Minnesota’s sex offender policies.  He says juvenile sex offenders are almost never the kind of lifetime sexual predator that society needs to worry about.

ERIC JANUS:  Probably a fairly high percentage of adolescent sexual offending is basically due to immaturity and experimentation, and so it’s not deviant sexuality.  It’s not that they are attracted to violent sex or involuntary sex.  It’s that they are immature, and that’s the kind of thing that they will grow out of.

"Breaking the school-to-prison pipeline for young offenders one class at a time" PBS NewsHour 6/29/2016

Excerpt

SUMMARY:  In most states across America, education for teen offenders pales in comparison to what they'd receive on the outside.  Just one third mandate that these kids meet the same standards as their public school counterparts.  Massachusetts is one of them, and there the goal is to save these young offenders with vocational classes and good old reading, writing and arithmetic.  Hari Sreenivasan reports.

U.S. SUPREME COURT - Juvenile Mandatory Life Terms

"PAROLE RIGHTS EXPANDED FOR YOUNG MURDERERS" by Adam Liptak, San Diego Union-Tribune 1/26/2016

NOTE:  This is from the on-line print paper, so no links.

Supreme Court rules 2012 decision banning mandatory life terms be applied retroactively

The Supreme Court on Monday ruled that its 2012 decision banning mandatory life-without-parole sentences for juvenile killers must be applied retroactively, granting a new chance at release for hundreds of inmates serving life sentences without the possibility of parole for murders they committed in their youth.

The vote was 6-3, and the majority decision was written by Justice Anthony Kennedy, the court’s leading proponent of cutting back on the death penalty and other harsh punishments for entire classes of offenders.  His opinion strengthened the 2012 decision, which merely required new sentencing where life without parole had been imposed automatically, without taking into account the defendant’s youth.

Monday’s opinion indicated that life-without-parole sentences for juvenile offenders should be exceedingly rare.  Kennedy also gave states a second option — instead of re-sentencing the affected prisoners, they could make them eligible for parole.

The case, Montgomery v. Louisiana, No. 14-280, concerned Henry Montgomery, who was 17 in 1963 when he murdered an East Baton Rouge police officer.  He is now 69.

Kennedy said there was evidence that Montgomery deserved to be released, describing “his evolution from a troubled, misguided youth to a model member of the prison community” and noting that he was a coach on the prison boxing team, had worked in the prison’s silkscreen program and had offered advice to younger inmates.

There are more than 2,000 people serving sentences of life without parole for crimes they committed when they were not yet 18.  Many of them automatically received those sentences for murders, without individualized consideration of their youth and other factors.  It’s not clear how many cases in San Diego County could be affected by the federal ruling.

California law already allows people serving life in prison without parole for crimes they committed as juveniles to petition the court for re-sentencing.  A few defendants have done so, including Oscar Ernesto Rubi Jr., who was convicted of killing a 55-year-old man during a 1993 robbery attempt in Imperial Beach, and Brae Hansen, who conspired in 2007 with her brother to kill her stepfather in Rolando.  Rubi was resentenced to 29 years to life in prison; Hansen to 26 years to life.

In the 2012 decision, Miller v. Alabama, the Supreme Court ruled that automatic life sentences for juvenile offenders violated the Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishment.

Life-without-parole sentences would remain permissible, the court said, but only after individualized consideration.  But the court did not say whether the decision was merely prospective or whether it required new sentencing hearings or other review for offenders who had already exhausted their appeals.

The decision followed two others concerning harsh penalties for juvenile offenders.  In 2005 in Roper v. Simmons, the court eliminated the juvenile death penalty.  In 2010 in Graham v. Florida, the court ruled that sentencing juvenile offenders to life without the possibility of parole was also unconstitutional, but only for crimes that did not involve killing.

The question of whether the 2012 decision should be applied retroactively turned on whether it was substantive or procedural.  New substantive decisions apply retroactively, while new procedural ones generally do not.

There was some reason to think the 2012 decision was procedural, because it required new sentencing procedures rather than banning the punishment of life without parole for all juvenile killers.

But Kennedy said the decision had been grounded on the diminished culpability of all juvenile offenders, who are, he said, immature, susceptible to peer pressure and capable of change.  Very few, he said, are incorrigible.  But he added that as a general matter the punishment was out of bounds.

“A sentencer might encounter the rare juvenile offender who exhibits such irretrievable depravity that rehabilitation is impossible and life without parole is justified,” he wrote.  “But in light of ‘children’s diminished culpability and heightened capacity for change,’ Miller made clear that ‘appropriate occasions for sentencing juveniles to this harshest possible penalty will be uncommon.’  “As a result,” Kennedy wrote, “Miller announced a substantive rule of constitutional law.”  He added that complying with Monday’s ruling should not be especially burdensome.  “A state may remedy a Miller violation by permitting juvenile homicide offenders to be considered for parole, rather than by resentencing them,” he wrote.  “Allowing those offenders to be considered for parole ensures that juveniles whose crimes reflected only transient immaturity— and who have since matured — will not be forced to serve a disproportionate sentence in violation of the Eighth Amendment.  “Prisoners like Montgomery,” Kennedy wrote, “must be given the opportunity to show their crime did not reflect irreparable corruption; and, if it did not, their hope for some years of life outside prison walls must be restored.”  Chief Justice John Roberts and justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan joined Kennedy’s majority opinion.

Justice Antonin Scalia dissented, joined by Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito, and Thomas filed a separate dissent.

Scalia wrote that Kennedy had twisted the language in the Miller decision to make it sound categorical when it merely required a new sentencing procedure.  “To say that a punishment might be inappropriate and disproportionate for certain juvenile offenders is not to say that it is unconstitutionally void,” Scalia wrote.

He added that it would be very difficult for juries and judges to decide if defendants were incorrigible many years after their crimes.

“What the majority expects (and intends) to happen,” he said, is for all states instead to allow the affected prisoners to apply for parole.

EDUCATION - Juveniles in the Justice System

"California Photographer Captures Young Faces of Juvenile Detention" PBS Newshour 2/2/2012

Excerpt

JUDY WOODRUFF (Newshour): Next, another in our series on the nation's high school dropout crisis.

Last night, we profiled Victor Rios, a former-gang-member-turned-college-professor who now mentors at-risk youth.

Tonight, a story about those not so fortunate.

Rios' colleague, photographer Richard Ross, has been documenting the lives of people caught up in the juvenile justice system.

Here, in his own words and images, is what he learned, as part of our American Graduate project.